Our results yielded similar classification statistics and cut-scores to those of prior work examining RDS-R (≤9 to ≤11) and DS ACSS (≤5 to ≤6 Spencer et al., 2013 Webber & Soble, 2018 Whitney et al., 2013 Young et al., 2012). Consistent with several previous studies (Kiewel, Wisdom, Bradshaw, Pastorek, & Strutt, 2012 Reese et al., 2012 Shura et al., 2020 Spencer et al., 2013 Webber & Soble, 2018 Whitney, Shepard, & Davis, 2013 Downloaded from by Florida Institute of Technology user on 17 October 2022 RDS-S = Reliable Digit Span Sequencing trial WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test wmRDS = working memory Reliable Digit Span * p < 0.05 * * p < 0.01 * * * p < 0.001 Young et al., 2012), this investigation found that DS ACSS and RDS-R demonstrated stronger psychometric properties when compared to traditional RDS, particularly among individuals with cognitive impairment. However, RDS has proven unreliable among individuals with more severe cognitive impairment (Martin, Schroeder, & Olsen, 2022 Zenisek, Millis, Banks, & Miller, 2016). Yet, due to its relatively low positive and negative predictive power, DS Sequencing Total is not recommended for use in isolation to identify negative response bias. Findings from this retrospective analysis showed that, regardless of whether the TOMM or the MSVT was used as the negative response bias criterion, of all the DS variables examined, DS Sequencing Total showed the best classification accuracy. Study participants included primarily middle-aged outpatients at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Then, for comparison purposes, negative response bias was examined using below-cutoff performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT N = 95). Negative response bias was first defined and examined using below-cutoff performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) (N = 99). In the present investigation, the usefulness of the new sequencing task and other DS variables (i.e., DS Age-Scaled Score, DS Forward Total, DS Backward Total, and Reliable DS) was investigated with regard to the ability of these variables to predict negative response bias. Outcome measures include the direction of the task (forwards or backwards), the longest sequence successfully reached and passed, and the total number of attempts.The Digit Span (DS) task in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition differs substantially from earlier versions of the measure, with one of the major changes being the addition of a sequencing component. The participant's span is the longest number of sequential digits that can accurately be remembered. Scores are total span reached for forward and reverse digits and number of errors. The task terminates when participants responded incorrectly on three occasions at a span length. The participant will hear a sequence of digits and then immediately be prompted to verbally repeat the sequence, either as it was heard (forwards), or in reverse order (backwards). If the participant responds correctly, the next trial presents a longer sequence. Participants are presented with a random series of digits, and are asked to repeat them in either the order presented (forward span) or in reverse order (backwards span). While superficially very similar tasks, forward and backwards span rely on somewhat separable cognitive capacities: the simpler forward span task requires verbal working memory and attention, while the backwards span task additionally tests cognitive control and executive function. Digit Span (DGS) is a measure of verbal short term and working memory that can be used in two formats, Forward Digit Span and Reverse Digit Span. This is a verbal task, with stimuli presented auditorily, and responses spoken by the participant and scored automatically by the software.
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